Steam heapsize. clear_memory. Steam heapsize

 
clear_memorySteam heapsize  I used to use Chris's maxframes but this

cfg -high -nojoy. Rust has launch options you can add in Steam to essentially make the client 1. Since i have 2 gigs of ram, or 2097152 KB, i divided by 2 to get 1048576what does this launch command do?1) Go to the steam library. if. pool. Right-Click on Kingdom Come: Deliverance in your Steam Library and find ‘Set Launch Options‘. -dxlevel 95. Counter-Strike 2. Steam, the Steam logo, Team Fortress, the Team Fortress logo. After that, navigate to the Steam Library. Key x = extract-min(): Remove the item with the minimum key xfrom the heap, return-Para activar el préstamo familiar, primero asegúrate de que tienes la protección Steam Guard activada dirigiéndote a Steam > Parámetros > Cuenta en el cliente de Steam. In game config has very tiny effect on how smooth the game runs. But i'v been testing this switch extensively for the past few days. For example, -heapsize 524288 will set the maximum heap size to 512 MB. 4. 8. +exec autoexec. project_lumiox. Any attempt will result in an OutOfMemoryException. I cannot find anything posted regarding the '-heapsize' launch option command in the last couple of years. DXVK-async processes compiling shaders asynchronously from the rendering process so you do not get stutters while waiting for the shaders to be compiled. txt) 3. Reinstall the game. According to GMct a heapsize of half the amount of ram you have seems a good idea. Admin. Under the General tab click the Set launch options… button. If you have 8 GB use "-heapsize 1048576". -sw -novid -nojoy -console -verbose -lv -threads 4. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. 8 GB: -heapsize 1048576. Use the Launch Options bar provided on the General tab to add launch options. I have read that it is deprecated, but I might be mixing it up with '-processheap'. Connecting to servers with lower latency is better for your ping. 68)0:32 Tip 2. Para fijar las opciones, tendremos que ir al menú "biblioteca" de. So, depending on the contents of your file, your heap may show 10. Right-Click on Kingdom Come: Deliverance in your Steam Library and find ‘Set Launch Options‘. I have 12gb of ram and usually there is 6. In the Properties window, click on the “Set Launch Options” button. may not be appropriate for all ages, or may not be appropriate for viewing at work. steam. 7 [ default is 0. Now, you can still go much lower than that with console commands and scripts. > There should be thing like "C:gamedirectorygame. After selecting the execution, right click and press "set as priority>High. txt features which could be used in the past to increase resource usage within the game itself. Reduced sound quality 6. #10 fdgdfg. Left 4 Dead 2 > General Discussions > Topic Details. I cannot find anything posted regarding the '-heapsize' launch option command in the last couple of years. Now on the other hand, for 4GB of RAM, type in:-heapsize 4194304. g. 69 - "EA GamesThe Sims 3GameBin". To enable the console in game you first need to open the options menu, then navigate to "Keyboard" tab, and under "Keyboard" select the "Advanced. 1GB : heapsize 1048576. If you are getting frame drops when playing Naraka Bladepoint, go to Steam settings, and increase the RAM that the game uses. Originally posted by I'm a N00B with no sound #fail: heapsize is the amount of RAM cs go should use. Basically, in your steam game startup options for each game (or in the shortcut on your desktop), add -heapsize XXX number (as previously said in KB). Last edited by glace (i go down every second) ;. The default heapsize is 256MB (262144), however given the fact that Dark Messiah is a hugely data-intensive game (See Troubleshooting Tips for details), you should allocate a fair bit of RAM for this value. Withhold. -high (it makes your computer put TF2 in high priority) -heapsize *number* (This number is basically the amount of RAM which your com has, divided by 2. FOR WARFRAME ovFor example, if your machine has 128 megabytes of physical memory, then the maximum heap size is 64 megabytes, and greater than or equal to 1 gigabyte of physical memory results in a maximum heap size of 256 megabytes. Firstly go into steam and find Gmod in your library then right click on gmod and click properties. Updates to Team Fortress 2, Counter-Strike: Source and Day of Defeat: Source have been released. 7gb and on a normal game the ram maxes to 3gb so still 1gb spare. Nov 24, 2004. for example C:SteamKingdom Come Deliverance or C:Program Files (x86)SteamsteamappscommonKingdomComeDeliverance (or in the mod folder) Note : If you need to know if you have a core i5 or i7 or AMD processor, you can check it by right-clicking Computer->then select Properties->processor -If you have a version of KCD. collect;pool. George. You can add a launch option to the game in the game settings via steam. Run Steam, and open the "Games" window. Right-click on Subnautica and select “Properties”. 2. Does '-heapsize' serve any purpose, and should I include VRAM/GPU RAM into the total count when calculating my ram, or only use my physical memory. 8 ghz cpu, and 32 gb of ram. After selecting the execution, right click and press "set as priority>High. How to do: Go to Options > Video > Advanced and set Anti-Aliasing to 2x or none. +exec autoexec. Accepted types are: fn, mod, struct, enum, trait, type, macro, and const. Subscribers. Okay thank you guys for the quick answer! I'll put the heapsize down. Added addons folder to whitelist. If you want to change the default tileset used in devmode, use command "-palette tileset. (Properties->Set Launch Options) If. Tips for Left 4 Dead 2. Enter the launch options you wish to apply (be sure to separate each code with a space). -heapsize 4194304 > for 8GB DDR3 Ram. Added addons folder to whitelist. Does '-heapsize' serve any purpose, and should I include VRAM/GPU RAM into the total count when calculating my ram, or only use my physical memory. maxMemory (); //. vec -> usize or * -> vec)Launch Options. Removed the -heapsize command line parameter. Most experienced users and developers recommend leaving the minimum be and possibly raising the maximum in high memory computers. How to fix the size of a Java heap. Select a category from the navigation on the left to open its associated settings in the right-hand panel. 3. There are four main ways in which you can implement command variables in Source Engine games: In the game's Command Console; through Config (. I already said that the game already uses the max amount of RAM it needs. 4 GB -heapsize 524288 . You can enter launch options here. Primero comenzamos En Configurar la resolución del juego: -w = anchura. Jan 5, 2018 @ 7:37am Originally posted by barrygreybeard: I would disable the steam heapsize command, whatever that is and let windows allocate the. Use 1x Traffix and 1x Peds and you are able to install "unlimited" amounts of cars. -heapsize # — Устанавливает файл подкачки. -noforcemaccel ; Use desktop mouse acceleration settings. Launch options/Opciones De Lanzamiento. 0. Something about the memory allocation. Типичная группа кибер спортсменов)Removed the -heapsize command line parameter. Applying -novid -high -nojoy -heapsize 1572864 -threads 4 Launch options Making an autoexec. I've tried to do it the classic way and put the launch options in the steam launcher, but that doesn't work. I cannot find anything posted regarding the '-heapsize' launch option command in the last couple of years. Right-Click Team Fortress 2, then 3. I have 12gb of ram and usually there is 6. . Also, dont set a. and what size is the dynamic heapsize now? 50% of my RAM?Removed the -heapsize command line parameter. Check RAM memory to : Task Manager – Performance tab. OH I see thank you very much! #2. Add -heapsize 524288. -heapsize 128000 makes the game use 128MB. It is no longer used in favor of a dynamically sized heap Pls tell us more!. 1. X3G0 Jan 6, 2018 @ 6:05am. For Quake 1 with QSS i set regulary -heapsize 524288 or 2048000 -zone 8192. #1 Steam Heapsize Feb 1, 2005, 01:13 PM Don't know if this has already been posted, but here is a way to adjust the heapsize to improve performance. There, right-click on the game you wish to configure and choose Properties from the drop-down menu. The Big Boo May 8, 2017 @ 3:44pm. Opciones de lanzamiento. 32GB RAM: -heapsize 4194304. for 2GB of RAM set a heapsize of 1048576), and remember that 1024 KB = 1MB and. mem_min_heapsize 256 mem_max_heapsize [memory allocation in megabytes, e. Ludvig " HEAP " Alonso (born December 24, 1999) is a Swedish professional Counter-Strike: Global Offensive player. The game will try to run these commands on each startup in the future. -heapsize 1048576 (2GB RAM)-heapsize 1572864 (3GB RAM)-heapsize 2097152 (4GB RAM)-heapsize 3145728 (6GB RAM)-heapsize 4194304 (8GB RAM)The default heapsize is 256MB (262144), however given the fact that Dark Messiah is a hugely data-intensive game (See Troubleshooting Tips for details), you should allocate a fair bit of RAM for this value. Raise Video Memory Limit GTA IV. On 7/6/2018 at 5:22 PM, Spinethetic said: Make a commandline. Load Ter Shibboleth at quatticted and try for your selfe with QSS, and try other engines like vkQuake and Ironwail, too. Navigate to the Display tab and note down the number next to Display Memory. my computer has a 3070, 4. I will explain each and every steam launch option below. If you have 16 or more gb, use the command "-heapsize 2097152" in launch options. By the way, this is the config I use. -Thanks. The merge request by Intel Linux graphics driver engineer Lionel Landwerlin explains: "Overwatch is generating more than. 2 GB Cache: -heapsize 2097152. Вместо x можно вставить параметры 262144 (512 мегабайт), 524288 (1 гигабайт), 1048576. Navigating to Game Properties. Your game might freeze for a second but you should see a decent increase in FPS. Todos. 5Gb of memory. 4GB “-heapsize 524288”. If you need to allocate less memory, you can set the priority to a low. They are configuration options that make very minor changes (and generally insignificant) changes to the game. Basically it seems like the game can't address more than 1. (Properties->Set Launch Options) If your System Memory has: 512MB use: -heapsize 262144. 5Gb of memory. Right click on GTA 4 in Steam, go to properties, and under Launch Options put -managed and -availablevidmem X, where X is a number slightly below your available display memory. 3) Then select “Set launch options”. I've seen this command line switch posted in a lot of stuttering fix topics and in general troubleshooting topics. CS:GO będzie używał 8GB, zamiast domyślnych 2GB. For other amount of RAM: for 4 GB use '-heapsize 524288' for 8 GB use '-heapsize 1048576' for 12 GB use '-heapsize 1572864' for 24 GB. ^^Resize1x >> This command will set your size back to normal. If you have following Ram set the heap size accordingly… 2GB System Memory: Your -heapsize should be: “1048576” 4GB System Memory: Your -heapsize. Turn off or lower the operating system's visual effects. I have read that it is deprecated, but I might be mixing it up with '-processheap'. utilize more memory, 2. Install Steam login | language Store Page. clear_memory. 0 GB to MB by multiplying it by 1024, as there are 1024 MB in 1 GB. mem_min_heapsize 256 mem_max_heapsize [memory allocation in megabytes, e. -threads 4 > For CPU. Edit the variable name _JAVA_OPTIONS. Look in the AppData folder. 5x >> This will cut your size in half. Inside 10+ sections, you will find everything you. what does this launch command do?Steamサポート :: ゲーム起動オプションの設定. Any suggestions? This worked for me. #12 Dovahkiin. This will allocate ram to be used as a cache. If your RAM is 2GB, enter: -heapsize 2097152. I have a gig and set my heapsize for 512000. I hear changing heapsize will boost performance but I've never used it I have 16gb of ram is it correct and safe to use that full ammount or should I reduce it from there? Anmelden Shop Startseite Entdeckungsliste Wunschliste Punkteshop Neuigkeiten Statistikenwhat does this launch command do?Whenever you hit an NPC, you expect particles to show - but for me they don't I use the x86-64 Chromium beta branch My startup commands are -windowed -noborder -console -nojoy -r_emulate_gl cl_forcepreload 1 -processheap -mem_min_heapsize 8192 -mem_max_heapsize 16384 -novid -useforcedmparms -noforcemaccel -noforcemspd. Can anyone. Click on "Set Launch Options". Does '-heapsize' serve any purpose, and should I include VRAM/GPU RAM into the total count when calculating my ram, or only use my physical memory. 2. CSGO will use all 8 GB instead of 2GB-Heapsize 1048576 (PC's with 2GB of system RAM)-Heapsize 1572864 (PC's with 3GB of system RAM)-Heapsize 2097152 (PCs with 4GB system RAM)-Heapsize 3145728 (PC's with 6GB of system RAM)-Heapsize 4194304 (PC's with 8GB of system RAM) Parametros de lanzamiento CS1. Eğer gerçekten ilgi gelirse daha fazla hem CS:GO vb oyunlar için hemde bilgisayar performansını tam olarak kullanmaya yönelik eklemeler yapabilirim. Get a better PC and disable some addons. Last edited by X3G0 ;. Here is what you have to type in: 1 GB Cache: -heapsize 1048576. 5Gb, then when the. Something about the memory allocation. for this go to your games library on steam and right click on the Black Mesa icon and select the option "Properties". 5Gb of memory. Dignitas (Inactive) 2023-08-18 – Present. Step 1: Launch Steam on your computer. Right click on Kingdom Come Deliverance in your steam games and go to launch properties 4. 2GB use: -heapsize 1048576. The current engine manages memory in a way that doesn’t need it specified. CSGO will use all 8 GB instead of 2GB-Heapsize 1048576 (PC's with 2GB of system RAM)-Heapsize 1572864 (PC's with 3GB of system RAM)-Heapsize 2097152 (PCs with 4GB system RAM)for example C:SteamKingdom Come Deliverance or C:Program Files (x86)SteamsteamappscommonKingdomComeDeliverance (or in the mod folder) Note : If you need to know if you have a core i5 or i7 or AMD processor, you can check it by right-clicking Computer->then select Properties->processor -If you have a version of KCD. This calculation gives you 16. defaults to 64 mb] Ok, could you explain some of these. Overview. 3. You can also use these commands to remove value by specifying a negative number. Should I. 5gb instead of less than2 gb of ram? I came across the command maxmem and heapsize but I don't know that is the difference between them or which one to use. g. Task Manager: To start, open Task Manager whilst the game is running (open the TM by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del and then selecting Task Manager). Use. So if you set a corresponding heapsize for 1. 6 Steam: ГОТОВЫЕ ПАРАМЕТРЫ :-noforcemaccel -noforcemparms -noforcemspd -low— Запуск приложения с низ. The guide will be more useful for beginners than for old people, but you will definitely find something new here. By default, many computers make Appdata hidden. ago. " 3. Add the following lines to the end of the file: bind. I've seen this command line switch posted in a lot of stuttering fix topics and in general troubleshooting topics. -heapsize 4194304 and put your hl. Should I. cfg that includes cl_forcepreload 1 Archived post. utilize multicore processors, and 3. bind p gc. Flags. You don't need it anymore, no matter what other people say / post in the web (outdated information!). -heapsize 750000 (Rounds to 512mb, which should be enough. 22 MB would be closer to. Allocate RAM to Steam Games. Install Quake and download Quakespasm [sourceforge. again. By DARKB1KE and 4 collaborators. Head over to the Library section where it basically shows all your installed games. It offers you a full Lua Panic not enough memory fix guide. You would add it to the launch options in Steam. cfg: snd_mixahead 0. -tickrate 128 > increase the tickrate for offline server. ProQuake 4 is the official continuation of the original ProQuake by J. despite using this command both in game and in launch options garrys mod still will not go above 3. Right click on Counter-Strike: Source or Half-Life 2, and select "Properties". If you wanted to really get the Best out of Unturned, you can use this line of code: -high -threads 2 -maxmem 4096 -dxlevel 90 -force-d3d9 -cpuCount=2 -exThreads=3 -heapsize 2097152 -refresh 60 -noaafonts -lv console +fps_max 99999999 +cl_cmdrate 100 +cl_updaterate 100 -soft. cfg" de votre jeu. Delete my autoexec. -Ligne de commande Steam "-heapsize" (trouvé sur autre topic). -nod3d9ex > Disables D3D9ex. You could also try to press Alt+Enter while ingame/main menu to make it go fullscreen. Check RAM memory to : Task Manager – Performance tab – Memory section. and what size is the dynamic heapsize now? 50% of my RAM?I don't know why but unturned won't use more than 2gb of ram so it is very laggy. Download and apply GModCEFCodecFix. Click on set launch options. Do the following steps: Open any browser and enter the URL-address field write the same command: steam://open/console. Полный список параметров в CS 1. I took information from open sources indicating them. The End This guide will show you how to increase FPS for CS:GO. 2. 1. csv GOG GalaxyGamesCyberpunk 2077engineconfigmemory_pool_budgets. C:Program Files (x86)SteamsteamappscommonKingdomComeDeliverance) 2. txt". 2 to 1. Step 1: Open notepad and name it "commandline. 7 [ default is 0. exe (could be named gmod. 1. establecer dichos parámetros, y seguidamente seleccionaremos. 0 -percentvidmem 100% -minspecaudio -nomemrestrict -novblank -framelimit 0 -noprecache -refreshrate 60. These various methods usually result in the same outcome for each command, however. Does '-heapsize' serve any purpose, and should I include VRAM/GPU RAM into the total count when calculating my ram, or only use my physical memory. If you have 8gb use "-heapsize 1048576". im doing some heavy stuff like a large war. )I have my gmod set to heapsize 2GB, what's the command for 3?Install Steam login | language Store Page. Removed the -heapsize command line parameter. Check the minimum system requirements to play the. -noforcemaccel : Utiliza los ajustes del escritorio sobre la. Right-click Counter-Strike: Global Offensive in your game library in the main Steam window. The above option is also available for a system for different ram. . It is no longer used in favor of a dynamically sized heap Pls tell us more!. In the following example, minimum heap size is set to 16mb, and the maximum to 64mb: java -Xms16m -Xmx64m ClassName. My game regularly goes over 3. I hear changing heapsize will boost performance but I've never used it I have 16gb of ram is it correct and safe to use that full ammount or should I reduce it from there?Here are the steps: Navigate to your steam Library. Right click on steam icon -> play games -> right click on the game you want to change the heapsize of -> Properties -> Launch options -> and type "-heapsize. P. And it appears to have a major issue. by putting this in the launch options of steam -heapsize 4194304 this letting my game run off of 4 gb of ram, divide that in half for two and multiply that by two for 8gb of ram! #5. a) From the "Games" menu, Select "Add a Non-Steam Game to My Library. 6 hours ago, yoshi295295 said: My GTA IV shows much more than 512mb of vram without any plugins. Highest possible heapsize number (-heapsize 2096999) There you go :) Last edited by The Big Boo ; May 8, 2017 @ 3:44pm. this will allocate ram to be used as a. -heapsize 65536 -game jam6 -start Quake from your Steam Library and enjoy this. Method 1 - Adding a Steam game as a non-Steam game with set affinity and launch parameters. i played a skirmish successfully and then resumed my campaign. csv Try opening the Cyberpunk2077. Install Steam login | language Store Page. Collections. Garry’s Mod, GMOD or Garry’s Mod 13 has various launch Launch Options which affect your game experience differently, bellow we list some of these. 8 means 8 cores. 3. Here's the new way to Optimise GTA IV PC in 2021!A lot of people asked me to make a new video as I found a new way of maki. I have read that it is deprecated, but I might be. ini". Nvidia reflex and boost may cause stutters for some people, I turned it off for a reason I don't remember. While in Steam, 1. Step 3: open commandline. #1. exe -heapsize 64000 It is recommended to permanently put this in the Launch options in the game properties inside the Steam client: just add the line -heapsize. I will explain each and every steam launch option. what does this launch command do?Here are the key takeaways for getting the best performance from Deathloop: Shadow Detail has the biggest impact on your frame rate. Showing 1 - 15 of 36 comments. First things first, follow these steps, these will show you how to set launcher options on your game. sargecommander. 1GB : heapsize 1048576. -Heapsize 1048576 (PC's with 2GB of system RAM) -Heapsize 1572864 (PC's with 3GB of system RAM) -Heapsize 2097152 (PCs with 4GB system RAM)Step 1: Open your Steam client and go to your game library. Launch Options. Sorted by: 232. Goto: 3D Settings > Manage 3D Settings > Program Settings > Add > Grand Theft Auto 4 (gtaiv. CMSC 420 Dave Mount Locator r = insert(Key x): Insert the key xinto the heap, and return a reference indi-cating its location in the heap. g. (looks like this, then click on Set Launch Options. Large Address Aware was added to the executable some time ago from an official patch. Работает ли этот параметр запуска в 2023?I cannot find anything posted regarding the '-heapsize' launch option command in the last couple of years. SSME and the SKSE Memory Fix do essentially the same thing. It really helped me for rust since it was slowing my pc down. The number should be in kB, and in my case, I have a 8192 MB RAM, which i divided by 2 and typed it in kB, 4096000, so it should look like. This will allocate ram to be used as a cache for the game. Quake can be set to allocate a bigger memory heap by using the -heapsize command line switch, for example: glquake. Propiedades > Establecer Opciones de Lanzamiento donde ya. "-heapsize 2097152" in launch options. You can use this steam launch option for Counter-Strike Source to get more FPS in the game. -heapsize (RAM x 524228) Adjust RAM minimum allocation. Prefix searches with a type followed by a colon (e. R* recently released a new patch for GTA IV in which they completely remove online mode access along with many commandline. And it appears to have a major issue. mem_min_heapsize 256 mem_max_heapsize 16384 mem_max_heapsize_dedicated 16384. If you have 16 or more gb, use the command "-heapsize 2097152" in launch options. A small window will show up titled "KEYBOARD - ADVANCED". At that time, 51 percent of users had 16. - type in (with no space beforehand):-heapsize xxxxxx (where xxxxxx represents half of your computer's available RAM in kilobytes -- e. exe file, > Go to properties of your shortcut, > Go to shortcut tab, > You should see at the top target field. A menu will pop up with the section "Launch Options", where. You can use the settings as per your need. I have 8gb ram so I am using this to allocate 4gb to cs2, and so far it's giving me good fps. Navigating to Game Properties. It should be somewhere like C:Program Files (x86)SteamsteamappscommonVampire The Masquerade - Bloodlines. Usage. Go to the top of your Steam library window and click HELP > SYSTEM INFORMATION, and paste the ENTIRE list here. ゲーム起動オプションの設定方法は?. ) The Command you need is -maxdownloadfilesizemb <size>, where <size> indicate the desired limit. ), multiply by 1024, multiply by 1024 again and divide by 2. If you wish to have unlimited saves or lower the shnapps needed to 1. Go to your steam library install directory (e. establecer dichos parámetros, y seguidamente seleccionaremos. It should be under. 2019 tarihinde yazılmış ve güncellenmiştir. I checked the size of the programs I recently installed, but they. STEAM, donde haremos click derecho sobre el juego en el que deseemos. > Create a shortcut of your game . if you have 1GB of memory, use -heapsize 512000 as the startup option. Right click on steam icon -> play games -> right click on the game you want to change the heapsize of -> Properties -> Launch options -> and type "-heapsize 512000" without the quotes. 6) Config Script in the Server Administration category, submitted by -=$|TAGAMTAM|$=-. I have read that it is deprecated, but I might be mixing it up with '-processheap'. exe is. Yes, but you should remove -window too ;)! Last edited by Wesp5 ; Jan 25, 2020 @ 1:08am. #6. Usage. buffer 4096. I added commandline options to the game launch in steam -heapsize 3000 -dxlevel 80 which allocates more ram and reduces the directx version. 6 Scripts Server Administration Launch Options & Commands for Valve Games. +exec autoexec. Lower visual effects in TF2's advanced video tab from the options in the main menu. 6 nawet go skasowali) Put these in the game's launch options: -nomemrestrict -norestrictions -percentvidmem 100 -noprecache -novblank -heapsize 2097152; If you aren't going to use an ENB, I suggest forcing FXAA through the NVIDIA control panel as the in-game antialiasing looks so bad. 5. Close the game’s Properties window and launch the game. After you installed Reshade, go into GMod's properties and type this into the Launch Options: +exec autoexec. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. I put -autoconfig in the launch parameters and it. If you are using -dxlevel 70 make sure to remove it from your launch options. Does '-heapsize' serve any purpose, and should I include VRAM/GPU RAM into the total count when calculating my ram, or only use my physical memory. ago. Explanation of what everything does. The value of the JVM heap size is directly related to the amount of physical memory in the system. -dxlevel 90. Add Codes On your Game's Shortcut Properties !!. Go to performance tab and check the CPU usage. Hoy quiero traeros la mayor parte de ellos, para que los conozcáis, ya que muchos seguro que son totalmente desconocidos para la mayoría de vosotros. I have been searching google and reddit and such but I cant seem to find any info of this can someone who knows what this is tell me?I have been searching google and reddit and such but I cant seem to find any info of this can someone who knows what this is tell me?Maximum Java heap size of a 32-bit JVM on a 64-bit OS. It took only a couple of days to become the 6th biggest game based on the number of concurrent players on. g. force DX11 and some other ish. I've seen this command line switch posted in a lot of stuttering fix topics and in general troubleshooting topics.